Definition
Enriching a reservoir with nutrients is called Eutrophication. In the process of eutrophication, the growth of plants and algae takes place in the reservoir. Apart from this, due to the presence of biomass in the water, the amount of oxygen in that water decreases. An example of this is the 'bloom' of water due to the high levels of nutrients in it. Eutrophication often occurs due to the addition of phosphate-containing detergents, fertilizers and sewage in the water system.
It is an abnormal growth of algae, a clear manifestation of a process called eutrophication.” Eutrophication is the enrichment of water with nutrient salts that cause structural changes in ecosystems such as increased production of algae and aquatic plants, fish species loss, general decline in water quality and other impacts that reduce and prevent use". Eutrophic process is one of the first definitions given by the OECD (Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development) in the 70s. Eutrophication is a serious environmental problem as it leads to the degradation of water quality and at the European level the Water Framework Directive (2000/2016). 60 /EC) is a major obstacle in achieving the quality objectives.
According to the State Survey of Lakes in the World, a project promoted by the International Lake Environment Committee, eurotification covers 54% of Asian lakes, 53% in Europe, 48% in North America, 41% in South America and 28% of those in Africa. Water bodies are subject to a natural and slow eutrophication process, which has progressed very rapidly in recent decades due to the presence of man and his activities (so-called cultural eutrophication).
Types of eutrophication
There are two types of eutrophication, which are explained below:
1. Natural Eutrophication: In this eutrophication, a lake-like body of water is characterized by nutrient enrichment. During this process, the oligotrophic lake turns into a eutrophic lake. This allows for the production of phytoplankton, algal blooms and aquatic vegetation which in turn allows for the production of herbs. Provides adequate food for the Jhopal and the fish.
2. Cultural Eutrophication:It is caused by human activities as they are responsible for the addition of 80% nitrogen to the lake and 75% phosphorus in the stream.
Due to eutrophication
1. Excessive use of fertilizers.
2. Contaminated animal feed works (CAFOs) are a major source of contaminated nutrients.
3. Industrial and household waste
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Effects of Eutrophication
1. Algae blooms cover water bodies such as a river, lake, stream or ocean, blocking light from reaching the water which prevents aquatic plants from hydrosynthesizing.
2. Lack of photosynthesis causes a lack of oxygen resulting in the decline of marine species.
3. Hypoxic condition creates dead zones, which have not only negative ecological impact but also economic issues.
4. The water may have a bad taste, color and odor, which has a negative impact on tourism. Governments will have to invest more in wastewater treatment.
Preventive Measures of Eutrophication
1. Industrial and domestic wastewater must be treated before its discharge into water bodies.
2. Recycling of nutrients through harvesting.
3. Removal of algal bleeds
4. Presidents such as allium, lime, iron and sodium aluminate can be used. Physiological methods can be applied to remove nutrients for example - phosphorus can be removed by precipitation and nitrogen by nitrification or nitrification.
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