What is atom | प्रमाणु की परिभाषा क्या है?

What is atom | प्रमाणु की परिभाषा क्या है?

What is Atom

The smallest particle of a substance is called atom. In simple language, it can be understood in such a way that when a substance is cut into pieces, then while slicing, a state will come in which the substance will reach the most subtle form. In this state the matter remains in the lowest state. This state cannot be further fragmented, this state in which no more small pieces of matter can be broken is called atomic state of matter. In this state the matter starts to be called atom.

When an attempt is made to break the substance from the atomic state to the next state, it starts breaking down into charged particles. That's why we give this definition as well: Atom is the smallest unit of matter, which is further broken down or divided into charged particles.

One thing which is very important about the atom is that whenever a chemical reaction takes place, atoms take part in the chemical reaction. Or rather, in a chemical reaction, atoms are formed and atoms are broken. Atoms do not exist in free state but chemically.

We have learned that matter is the smallest form that cannot be broken down into more smaller forms. So now we move on from the definition of atom and know other things about atom.

Atoms are made up of three types of particles. These particles are – electron, proton and neutron. These particles are called fundamental particles of the atom.  Fundamental particles are called so because these three masses make up the atom.

Now let us try to understand this. Where are the three fundamental particles of an atom present? Before we know which element is present in the atom, before that we should know that most of the space in the atom remains vacant. 

Neutrons and protons are present in the center of the atom, this central part of the atom is called the nucleus of the atom.

Another important particle of the atom is the electron which revolves around the nucleus of the atom in a circular orbit. This electron revolving in a circular orbit is responsible for the chemical nature of the atom because only the electrons present in the atom's orbit participate in a chemical reaction or in the formation of a chemical bond. In fact, it can be said in this way that the electrons present in the outermost shell of the atom participate in the formation of chemical bonds.

In this way, the information about the outermost orbital of an atom and the arrangement of electrons in its orbit becomes very important because it determines the chemical tendency.

Protons and neutrons present in the nucleus of an atom have a charge on the proton and this charge nature is positive i.e. proton is a positively charged particle. The second particle present in the nucleus of an atom is the neutron, which does not have any charge, that is, the neutron is a neutral particle. The total number of protons present in the nucleus of an atom is called the atomic number of that atom.